Syllabus

“Physics”

Certainly, let’s organize the provided syllabus in a more structured and readable format:

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS

1. Electric Charges
   • Conservation of Charge
   • Coulomb’s Law (Force between two point charges)
   • Superposition Principle (Forces between multiple charges)
   • Continuous Charge Distribution
2. Electric Field
   • Electric Field due to a point charge
   • Electric Field Lines
   • Electric Dipole
   • Electric Field due to a dipole
   • Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
3. Gauss’s Law
   • Electric Flux
   • Gauss’s Law and its applications
     • Field due to an infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire
     • Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
     • Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell
4. Electric Potential
   • Electric potential and its calculation
     • For a point charge
     • For an electric dipole
     • For a system of charges
   • Potential difference
   • Equipotential surfaces
   • Electrical potential energy
     • Of a system of two point charges
     • Of an electric dipole in an electrostatic field
5. Conductors and Insulators
   • Conductors and insulators
   • Dielectrics and electric polarization
   • Capacitors and capacitances
   • Combination of capacitors
     • Series
     • Parallel
   • Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
     • With and without dielectric medium between the plates
   • Energy stored in a capacitor

UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

1. Electric Current
   • Electric current
   • Drift velocity
   • Mobility and their relation with electric current
2. Ohm’s Law
   • Ohm’s law
   • Electrical resistance
   • V-I characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
   • Electrical energy and power
   • Electrical resistivity and conductivity
3. Combinations of Resistors
   • Series and parallel combinations of resistors
   • Temperature dependence of resistance
4. Cells
   • Internal resistance
   • Potential difference and emf of a cell
   • Combination of cells
     • Series
     • Parallel
5. Kirchhoff’s Laws
   • Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications
6. Wheatstone Bridge & Metre Bridge
   • Wheatstone bridge
   • Metre Bridge

UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

1. Biot-Savart Law
   • Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
2. Ampere’s Law
   • Ampere’s law and its applications
     • Infinitely long current carrying straight wire
     • Solenoid
3. Force on Moving Charges
   • Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
   • Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
   • Force between two parallel currents carrying conductors – definition of ampere
4. Torque on Current Loop
   • Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
   • Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
5. Magnetic Dipole
   • Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
   • Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
   • Magnetic field lines
   • Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
     • Along its axis
     • Perpendicular to its axis
   • Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
6. Magnetic Materials
   • Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples
   • Effect of temperature on magnetic properties

UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

1. Electromagnetic Induction
   • Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law
   • Induced emf and current
   • Lenz’s Law
   • Eddy currents
   • Self and mutual inductance
2. Alternating Currents
   • Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage
   • Reactance and impedance
   • LCR series circuit
   • Resonance
   • Power in AC circuits, wattless current
3. AC Generator and Transformer
   • AC generator and transformer

UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

1. Displacement Current
   • Displacement current
2. Electromagnetic Waves
   • Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
   • Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
   • Electromagnetic spectrum
     • Radio waves
     • Microwaves
     • Infrared
     • Visible
     • Ultraviolet
     • X-rays
     • Gamma rays
   • Applications of e.m. waves

UNIT 16: OPTICS

1. Reflection of Light
   • Reflection of light
   • Spherical mirrors
   • Mirror formula
2. Refraction of Light
   • Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
   • Thin lens formula and lens maker formula
   • Total internal reflection and its applications
   • Magnification
   • Power of a Lens
   • Combination of thin lenses in contact
   • Refraction of light through a prism
3. Optical Instruments
   • Microscope and Astronomical Telescope
     • Reflecting and refracting
     • Magnifying powers
4. Wave Optics
   • Wavefront and Huygens’ principle
   • Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
   • Interference
     • Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
     • Coherent sources, and sustained interference of light
   • Diffraction
     • Diffraction due to a single slit
     • Width of central maximum
   • Polarization
     • Plane-polarized light
     • Brewster’s law
     • Uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

1. Dual Nature of Radiation
   • Dual nature of radiation
   • Photoelectric effect
     • Hertz and Lenard’s observations
     • Einstein’s photoelectric equation
     • Particle nature of light
2. Matter Waves
   • Matter waves-wave nature of particle
   • de Broglie relation

UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

1. Rutherford’s Model
   • Alpha-particle scattering experiment
   • Rutherford’s model of atom
2. Bohr Model
   • Bohr model
   • Energy levels
   • Hydrogen spectrum
3. Nucleus
   • Composition and size of nucleus
   • Atomic masses
   • Mass-energy relation
   • Mass defect
   • Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
   • Nuclear fission and fusion

UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

1. Semiconductors
   • Semiconductors
   • Semiconductor diode
     • I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
     • Diode as a rectifier
2. Other Semiconductor Devices
   • I-V characteristics of LED
   • The photodiode
   • Solar cell
   • Zener diode
   • Zener diode as a voltage regulator
3. Logic Gates
   • Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)

UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS

1. Vernier calipers – its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge – its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum – dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre Scale – the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of:
    • (i) Convex mirror
    • (ii) Concave mirror, and
    • (iii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
15. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
18. Identification of Diode, LED, Resistor, Capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

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“Chemistry”

1. Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature

Dalton’s atomic theory

Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds

Laws of chemical combination

Atomic and molecular masses

Mole concept, molar mass

Percentage composition

Empirical and molecular formulas

Chemical equations and stoichiometry

2. Atomic Structure

Electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect

Hydrogen atom spectrum

Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom

Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanical model of the atom

Atomic orbitals (1s, 2s)

Quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic)

Shapes of s, p, and d orbitals

Electron spin and spin quantum number

Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule

Electronic configuration of elements

3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and the periodic table

s, p, d, and f-block elements

Periodic trends (atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence, oxidation states)

4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding

Ionic bonding (formation, factors affecting, lattice enthalpy)

Covalent bonding (electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment)

VSEPR theory

Valence bond theory (hybridization, resonance)

Molecular orbital theory (LCAOs, bonding/antibonding orbitals, sigma/pi bonds, bond order, bond length, bond energy)

Metallic bonding

Hydrogen bonding and its applications

5. Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics (system, surroundings, extensive/intensive properties, state functions, types of processes)

First law of thermodynamics (work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess’s law)

Enthalpies of various processes (bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, solution)

Second law of thermodynamics (spontaneity, entropy, Gibbs free energy, ΔG°, equilibrium constant)

6. Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium

Equilibria involving physical processes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas, Henry’s law)

Equilibria involving chemical processes (law of chemical equilibrium, Kp, Kc, ΔG, ΔG°, factors affecting equilibrium)

Ionic equilibrium (weak/strong electrolytes, ionization, Arrhenius/Bronsted-Lowry/Lewis acids and bases, acid-base equilibria, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, solubility products, buffer solutions)

7. Redox Reactions

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction

Redox reactions, oxidation number

Balancing redox reactions

10. p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 elements

Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties

Unique behavior of the first element in each group

13. Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography)

Qualitative analysis (detection of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens)

Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur, phosphorus)

Calculations of empirical and molecular formulas

14. Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules, hybridization

Classification of organic compounds (functional groups)

Homologous series, isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism)

Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission (homolytic, heterolytic), free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles, nucleophiles

Electronic displacements (inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation)

Common types of organic reactions (substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement)

15. Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions

Alkanes (conformations, halogenation)

Alkenes (geometrical isomerism, electrophilic addition, ozonolysis, polymerization)

Alkynes (acidic character, addition reactions, polymerization)

Aromatic hydrocarbons (nomenclature, benzene structure and aromaticity, electrophilic substitution, directive influence of functional groups)

 

“Biology”

Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms

Chapter-1: The Living World

Biodiversity

Need for classification

Three domains of life

Taxonomy and systematics

Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy

Binomial nomenclature

Chapter-2: Biological Classification

Five kingdom classification

Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi

Lichens, Viruses, and Viroids

Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom

Classification of plants into major groups

Salient and distinguishing features of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae

Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom

Salient features and classification of animals (non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates upto class level)

Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals

Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology of different parts of flowering plants (root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed)

Description of family Solanaceae

Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots

Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Morphology, Anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of frog

Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function

Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Cell theory, cell as the basic unit of life

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Plant cell and animal cell

Cell envelope (cell membrane, cell wall)

Cell organelles (structure and function) – endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, nucleus

Chapter-9: Biomolecules

Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules

Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Enzymes – types, properties, enzyme action

Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance

 

Unit-IV Plant Physiology

Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition

Site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis

Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis

Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Photorespiration

C3 and C4 pathways

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants

Exchange of gases

Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle, and electron transport system (aerobic)

Energy relations – number of ATP molecules generated

Amphibolic pathways

Respiratory quotient

Chapter-15: Plant – Growth and Development

Seed germination

Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate

Conditions of growth

Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation

Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell

Plant growth regulators – auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

Unit-V Human Physiology

Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Respiratory organs in animals

Respiratory system in humans

Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of respiration, respiratory volume

Disorders related to respiration – asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders

Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation

Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood

Composition of lymph and its function

Human circulatory system – Structure of human heart and blood vessels

Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG

Double circulation

Regulation of cardiac activity

Disorders of circulatory system – hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure

Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Modes of excretion – ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism

Human excretory system – structure and function

Urine formation, osmoregulation

Regulation of kidney function – renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus

Role of other organs in excretion

Disorders – uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis

Dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant

Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement

Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular

Skeletal muscle, contractile proteins, and muscle contraction

Skeletal system and its functions

Joints

Disorders of muscular and skeletal systems – myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout

Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination

Neuron and nerves

Nervous system in humans – central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse

Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Endocrine glands and hormones

Human endocrine system – hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

Mechanism of hormone action

Role of hormones as messengers and regulators

Hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders – dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison’s disease.

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