Syllabus

“Physics”

Physics and Measurement

• Units of measurements, System of Units, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, Errors in measurements, Dimensions of Physics quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

Kinematics

• The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

Work, Energy, and Power

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy theorem, power.
• The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and nonconservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Rotational Motion

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
• The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

Gravitation

• The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
• Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

Properties of Solids and Liquids

• Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law. Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.
• Viscosity. Stokes’ law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow. Critical velocity.
• Bernoulli’s principle and its applications.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension – drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection, and radiation.

Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
• The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro’s number.

Oscillations and Waves

• Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
• Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. – Kinetic and potential energies;
• Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period:
• Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.

 

“Chemistry”

1. Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature

Dalton’s atomic theory

Atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds

Laws of chemical combination

Atomic and molecular masses

Mole concept, molar mass

Percentage composition

Empirical and molecular formulas

Chemical equations and stoichiometry

2. Atomic Structure

Electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect

Hydrogen atom spectrum

Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom

Dual nature of matter, de Broglie’s relationship

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanical model of the atom

Atomic orbitals (1s, 2s)

Quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic)

Shapes of s, p, and d orbitals

Electron spin and spin quantum number

Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule

Electronic configuration of elements

3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and the periodic table

s, p, d, and f-block elements

Periodic trends (atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence, oxidation states)

4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding

Ionic bonding (formation, factors affecting, lattice enthalpy)

Covalent bonding (electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment)

VSEPR theory

Valence bond theory (hybridization, resonance)

Molecular orbital theory (LCAOs, bonding/antibonding orbitals, sigma/pi bonds, bond order, bond length, bond energy)

Metallic bonding

Hydrogen bonding and its applications

5. Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics (system, surroundings, extensive/intensive properties, state functions, types of processes)

First law of thermodynamics (work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity, Hess’s law)

Enthalpies of various processes (bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, solution)

Second law of thermodynamics (spontaneity, entropy, Gibbs free energy, ΔG°, equilibrium constant)

6. Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium

Equilibria involving physical processes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas, Henry’s law)

Equilibria involving chemical processes (law of chemical equilibrium, Kp, Kc, ΔG, ΔG°, factors affecting equilibrium)

Ionic equilibrium (weak/strong electrolytes, ionization, Arrhenius/Bronsted-Lowry/Lewis acids and bases, acid-base equilibria, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, solubility products, buffer solutions)

7. Redox Reactions

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction

Redox reactions, oxidation number

Balancing redox reactions

10. p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 elements

Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties

Unique behavior of the first element in each group

13. Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds

Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography)

Qualitative analysis (detection of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens)

Quantitative analysis (estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur, phosphorus)

Calculations of empirical and molecular formulas

14. Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules, hybridization

Classification of organic compounds (functional groups)

Homologous series, isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism)

Nomenclature (trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission (homolytic, heterolytic), free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles, nucleophiles

Electronic displacements (inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation)

Common types of organic reactions (substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement)

15. Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions

Alkanes (conformations, halogenation)

Alkenes (geometrical isomerism, electrophilic addition, ozonolysis, polymerization)

Alkynes (acidic character, addition reactions, polymerization)

Aromatic hydrocarbons (nomenclature, benzene structure and aromaticity, electrophilic substitution, directive influence of functional groups)

 

“Biology”

Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms

Chapter-1: The Living World

Biodiversity

Need for classification

Three domains of life

Taxonomy and systematics

Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy

Binomial nomenclature

Chapter-2: Biological Classification

Five kingdom classification

Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista, and Fungi

Lichens, Viruses, and Viroids

Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom

Classification of plants into major groups

Salient and distinguishing features of Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae

Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom

Salient features and classification of animals (non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates upto class level)

Unit-II Structural Organization in Plants and Animals

Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology of different parts of flowering plants (root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed)

Description of family Solanaceae

Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Anatomy and functions of tissue systems in dicots and monocots

Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Morphology, Anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of frog

Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function

Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Cell theory, cell as the basic unit of life

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Plant cell and animal cell

Cell envelope (cell membrane, cell wall)

Cell organelles (structure and function) – endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, nucleus

Chapter-9: Biomolecules

Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules

Structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Enzymes – types, properties, enzyme action

Chapter-10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance

 

Unit-IV Plant Physiology

Chapter-13: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition

Site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis

Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis

Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Photorespiration

C3 and C4 pathways

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Chapter-14: Respiration in Plants

Exchange of gases

Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle, and electron transport system (aerobic)

Energy relations – number of ATP molecules generated

Amphibolic pathways

Respiratory quotient

Chapter-15: Plant – Growth and Development

Seed germination

Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate

Conditions of growth

Differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation

Sequence of developmental processes in a plant cell

Plant growth regulators – auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA

Unit-V Human Physiology

Chapter-17: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Respiratory organs in animals

Respiratory system in humans

Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans – exchange of gases, transport of gases, regulation of respiration, respiratory volume

Disorders related to respiration – asthma, emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders

Chapter-18: Body Fluids and Circulation

Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood

Composition of lymph and its function

Human circulatory system – Structure of human heart and blood vessels

Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG

Double circulation

Regulation of cardiac activity

Disorders of circulatory system – hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure

Chapter-19: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Modes of excretion – ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism

Human excretory system – structure and function

Urine formation, osmoregulation

Regulation of kidney function – renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus

Role of other organs in excretion

Disorders – uremia, renal failure, renal calculi, nephritis

Dialysis and artificial kidney, kidney transplant

Chapter-20: Locomotion and Movement

Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular

Skeletal muscle, contractile proteins, and muscle contraction

Skeletal system and its functions

Joints

Disorders of muscular and skeletal systems – myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout

Chapter-21: Neural Control and Coordination

Neuron and nerves

Nervous system in humans – central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse

Chapter-22: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Endocrine glands and hormones

Human endocrine system – hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads

Mechanism of hormone action

Role of hormones as messengers and regulators

Hypo- and hyperactivity and related disorders – dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes, Addison’s disease

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